# Semaglutide Research References and Citations — Clinic Semaglutide

> Full citation list for Semaglutide research summaries on Clinic Semaglutide — STEP, SELECT, SUSTAIN-6, ESSENCE, OASIS 1, SURMOUNT-5, STEP UP, mechanistic studies, and pharmacovigilance reports.

## Citations and references

All quantitative claims about semaglutide across this site are drawn from the peer-reviewed research listed below. Semaglutide clinical findings cited here span New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, JAMA Psychiatry, Nature Medicine, Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, and JCI Insight, plus FDA regulatory documentation. Full DOIs and PubMed URLs are provided for every entry.

## References

[1] Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, et al. (STEP 1 Study Group). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;384(11):989-1002. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183
[2] Lincoff AM, et al. (SELECT Trial Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2023;389(24):2221-2232. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2307563
[3] Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. (SUSTAIN-6 Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(19):1834-1844. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27633186/
[4] Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Davies M, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2022;24(8):1553-1564. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9542252/
[5] Wharton S, Calanna S, Davies M, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2022;24(1):94-105. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34514682/
[6] Knop FK, Aroda VR, do Vale RD, et al. Oral semaglutide 50 mg taken once per day in adults with overweight or obesity (OASIS 1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2023. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)01185-6/abstract
[7] Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Tirzepatide versus semaglutide in adults living with obesity (SURMOUNT-5): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2416394
[8] Rinella ME, Loomba R, et al. (ESSENCE Study Group). Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2413258
[9] Hendershot CS, Bremmer MP, Paladino MB, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11822619/
[10] Chuong V, Farokhnia M, Khom S, et al. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue semaglutide reduces alcohol drinking and modulates central GABA neurotransmission. JCI Insight. 2023;8(12). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10371247/
[11] Dong Y, Carty J, Goldstein N, et al. Time and metabolic state-dependent effects of GLP-1R agonists on NPY/AgRP and POMC neuronal activity in vivo. Molecular Metabolism. 2021. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8590079/
[12] Husain M, et al. Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;381:841-851. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1901118
[13] Solis-Herrera C, Kane MP, Triplitt C. Current Understanding of Sodium N-(8-[2-Hydroxylbenzoyl] Amino) Caprylate (SNAC) as an Absorption Enhancer: The Oral Semaglutide Experience. Clinical Diabetes. 2023. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10788673/
[14] Ryan DH, Lingvay I, Deanfield J, Kahn SE, et al. Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial. Nature Medicine. 2024. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11271387/
[15] Calvarysky B, Dotan I, Shepshelovich D, Leader A, Diker Cohen T. Drug-Drug Interactions Between Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Oral Medications: A Systematic Review. Drug Safety. 2024. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11018670/
[16] PMC authors. Alopecia and Semaglutide: Connecting the Dots for Patient Safety. PMC Open Access. 2025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11909624/
[17] Wharton S, Freitas P, Hjelmesaeth J, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide 7.2 mg in adults with obesity (STEP UP): a randomised, controlled, phase 3b trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40961952/
[18] Papakonstantinou I, Tsioufis K, Katsi V. Spotlight on the Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2024. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11674233/
[19] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA alerts health care providers, compounders and patients of dosing errors associated with compounded injectable semaglutide products. FDA Drug Safety Communication. 2024. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/fda-alerts-health-care-providers-compounders-and-patients-dosing-errors-associated-compounded
[20] Multiple authors. 12-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes of semaglutide use for type 2 diabetes: a propensity-score matched cohort study. eClinicalMedicine (The Lancet). 2024. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00305-5/fulltext

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A generative reading of the GLP-1 receptor pharmacology record — mechanism, trials, and pharmacokinetics, cited from the literature.